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1. A two-language melting pot |
A. Long before Europeans first came to America, many groups of Indians lived there. They hunted forest animals for food and clothing. They gathered berries and nuts in the forests. Many groups fished in the rivers and streams that flowed through the forests. Most anthropologists agree that the North American Indians migrated over the Bering Sea from Siberia, 10,000 to 30,000 years ago.
B. Later, in 1534 the French king sent Jacques Cartier to find a water route to the Far East. Cartier made several voyages to the new World, and he tried to establish a colony on the banks of the St. Lawrence River (where Montreal is located today) but he failed. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain built the first permanent French settlement in Canada. He named it Quebec.
C. Both nations began to expand in the New World. English colonists began to settle along the Atlantic Coast. The French began to explore and build forts in the region south of the Great Lakes in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
D. So Great Britain and France were fighting for control of Canada until 1763. As a result, France signed a treaty giving up all its claims to land on the continent of North America. The French who were living in Canada did not return to France. They continued to follow the customs and religion of their native land. They became ‘French Canadians’.
E. Since that time, millions of immigrants from the United States, Scotland, Ireland, England, Germany, Russia, Poland, Scandinavia, and other countries of the world have moved to Canada. Today about one third of the Canadians speak French and about two thirds speak English. English and French are both official languages of Canada.
F. Since the 1950s, there has been a remarkable rebirth of Indian culture. Native language, culture and history programmes have been instituted in schools. Cultural centres are flourishing, and traditional practices and beliefs are increasingly being used to combat alcoholism and drug problems. Indian elders are once again playing a vital role and linking generations.
G. Canadian sport is indebted to Indian culture for the toboggan, snowshoe, lacrosse stick and canoe. Many Indian games had utilitarian purposes related to survival, e.g. wrestling, archery, spear throwing, foot and canoe racing. Some of them initially were meant to prepare youngsters for cooperative existence in a cruel environment where it was necessary to know one’s tolerance limits.
A — 5
B — 4
C — 3
D — 8
E — 1
F — 7
G — 2